Growing concerns about climate risks, shifting social expectations, and evolving regulatory frameworks have made ESG data indispensable for investors and companies seeking informed decision-making.

ESG data transcends buzzwords to become a critical tool. From evaluating a company’s carbon footprint and governance practices to assessing human rights risks in supply chains, it quantifies non-financial risks that significantly influence financial outcomes. This guide explains the essence of ESG data and categorizes it into six key types to help stakeholders navigate its practical applications.

What Is ESG Data?

ESG data refers to non-financial metrics that monitor how companies address Environmental, Social, and Governance challenges. These metrics, complementing financial data, offer a comprehensive view of operational resilience and prospects.

Six Key Types of ESG Data

1. Raw (Reported) ESG Data

Examples: CO₂ emissions, board diversity
Use Cases: Setting compliance baselines, internal reviews
Challenges: Self-reported data may lack verification.

2. Standardized ESG Data

Examples: GHG emissions per $1M revenue
Use Cases: Benchmarking across industries and reducing subjectivity.

3. Controversy Data

Examples: Oil spills, fraud allegations
Use Cases: Warning system for investors and reputation management.

4. ESG Ratings & Scores

Examples: AA ESG Rating (MSCI)
Use Cases: Screening investments and aligning with regulatory standards.
Note: Methodologies vary across providers.

5. Impact/SDG-Aligned ESG Data

Examples: Clean energy revenue (SDG 7)
Use Cases: Thematic investing and communicating corporate purpose.

6. Forward-looking ESG Data

Examples: Net-zero pledges, scenario analysis
Use Cases: Forecasting risks and signaling leadership.

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